Damiana

Damiana

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Latin name: Turnera diffusa

A Remedy For
Damiana is thought to be a remedy for impotence, but its effectiveness remains unconfirmed. In homeopathic medicine, it's used for female sexual disorders.

What It Is; Why It Works
Although Damiana leaves are said to have antidepressant and aphrodisiac properties, researchers have not identified any real physiological effects. Harvested from a small shrub that grows in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and southern Africa, the herb is known in the U.S. as Mexican Damiana.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Damiana.

Special Cautions
No side effects or hazards have been documented.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
No information is available.

Typical Dosage
There are no guidelines on record.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available

Cranberry

Cranberry

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Latin name: Vaccinium macrocarpon

A Remedy For

• Urinary tract infections

Cranberry has long been recommended as a preventive measure against repeated urinary tract infections. It is also taken to prevent kidney stones and "bladder gravel."

What It Is; Why It Works
Cranberry prevents E. coli--the most common cause of urinary tract infections--from adhering to the wall of the bladder, making it difficult for infection to take hold. It will not, however, kill the bacteria once they're established.
Native to North America, the plant is cultivated in Cranberry bogs throughout New England and elsewhere. The medicinal part is the ripe fruit.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Cranberry.

Special Cautions
Remember that Cranberry will not cure an active urinary tract infection. For this, you need a course of antibiotics.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Cranberry is considered safe for use during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

How To Prepare
You can take concentrated tablets and capsules, or Cranberry juice. If taking the juice, choose pure, high-quality products, not Cranberry cocktail.

Typical Dosage
Capsule or tablet: 1 pill 2 to 4 times per day
Juice: 16 ounces (2 cups) per day
Since potency of tablets and capsules may vary, follow the manufacturer's directions whenever available.

Overdosage
No information is available.

Cumin

Cumin

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Latin name: Cumina cyminum

A Remedy For

• Indigestion

Although its use is not officially recognized, Cumin is considered an effective remedy for indigestion. It is also taken to relieve gas, diarrhea, and cramps; and in Asian medicine, it is used to induce milk production in breastfeeding mothers, relieve inflammation, and cure worm infestations. Its effectiveness for these other uses has not, however, been scientifically verified.

What It Is; Why It Works
A distinctive spice used in southwestern and Indian cuisine, Cumin is mentioned in the Bible and was used medicinally in Roman times, when ground Cumin was eaten with bread or wine. Today, Cumin is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region and in Iran, Pakistan, India, China, the United States, and South America.
The seeds and their oil are both used medicinally. Laboratory studies have shown that powdered cumin has anti-infective effects and may inhibit blood clots.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Cumin.

Special Cautions
No special precautions are needed.

Possible Drug Interactions
Animal studies suggest that Cumin may prolong the effect of barbiturates such as phenobarbital.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Cumin is used in some cultures to induce abortion, so caution is advisable during pregnancy.

How to Prepare
Cumin can be taken internally or used externally. It can be used in the ground form or as a pressed oil.

Typical Dosage
Strengths of medicinal preparations may vary. Follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.

Overdosage
No information is available.

Cranberry

Cranberry

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Latin name: Vaccinium macrocarpon

A Remedy For

• Urinary tract infections

Cranberry has long been recommended as a preventive measure against repeated urinary tract infections. It is also taken to prevent kidney stones and "bladder gravel."

What It Is; Why It Works
Cranberry prevents E. coli--the most common cause of urinary tract infections--from adhering to the wall of the bladder, making it difficult for infection to take hold. It will not, however, kill the bacteria once they're established.
Native to North America, the plant is cultivated in Cranberry bogs throughout New England and elsewhere. The medicinal part is the ripe fruit.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Cranberry.

Special Cautions
Remember that Cranberry will not cure an active urinary tract infection. For this, you need a course of antibiotics.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Cranberry is considered safe for use during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.

How To Prepare
You can take concentrated tablets and capsules, or Cranberry juice. If taking the juice, choose pure, high-quality products, not Cranberry cocktail.

Typical Dosage
Capsule or tablet: 1 pill 2 to 4 times per day
Juice: 16 ounces (2 cups) per day
Since potency of tablets and capsules may vary, follow the manufacturer's directions whenever available.

Overdosage
No information is available.

Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10

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A Remedy For

• Weak heart

Like all heart medications, Coenzyme Q10 is not a cure. However, for some people suffering from congestive heart failure, irregular heartbeat, or angina, it may ease symptoms and improve cardiac function. Some doctors also recommend it after heart surgery to speed recovery with a minimum of permanent damage.
Some advocates contend that Coenzyme Q10 can stave off hardening of the arteries by discouraging the build-up of plaque on artery walls. Others suggest that it can boost the immune system, helping to prevent the spread of cancer. It has also been recommended for a host of additional disorders ranging from high blood pressure, diabetes, allergies, and fatigue to Alzheimer's disease, Bell's palsy, Huntington's disease, Ménière's disease, muscular dystrophy, and deterioration of the retina. However, its effectiveness for all such conditions has yet to be scientifically verified.

What It Is; Why It Works
Found in every cell in the body, Coenzyme Q10 plays a vital role in the production of energy, triggering the conversion of nutrients into a "fuel" for the cells to burn. This substance, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), can't be stored in quantities sufficient to sustain optimum bodily functions for more than a few minutes. Stores must be continually renewed, making an ample supply of Coenzyme Q10 mandatory.
Adequate levels of the enzyme are particularly crucial for the heart because it's constantly in motion, burning twice as much energy as the other organs. If supplies of the enzyme decline, the action of the heart muscle will tend to weaken, reducing the amount of fresh blood the heart can pump out to the body. It is for this reason that some researchers regard a deficiency of the enzyme as an aggravating factor in conditions such as congestive heart failure.
Good dietary sources of Coenzyme Q10 include beef, pork, and lamb; certain types of fish and shellfish; vegetables such as broccoli and spinach; and vegetable oils. If you have a heart condition, however, you may want to consider a commercial supplement.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Coenzyme Q10.

Special Cautions
By itself, Coenzyme Q10 is not a sufficient treatment for any type of heart disease. It is generally employed as a supplement, rather than a replacement, for standard medical therapy. Do not attempt to substitute it for any of your regular prescriptions.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Do not use Coenzyme Q10 while pregnant or breastfeeding.

How to Prepare
Coenzyme Q10 is available in capsule, tablet, softgel (gel cap), and chewable form. To improve its absorption, take it with some type of oil (olive oil is recommended) or fat (peanut butter, for example). It is also best to take your dosage with meals.
Store in a dry and cool place, away from light. Do not allow to freeze.

Typical Dosage
Dosage recommendations range from 30 milligrams to 400 milligrams daily, generally increasing with the severity of the problem. Large daily doses are typically divided into 2 or 3 smaller doses (for example, one 60 milligram tablet taken 2 times a day instead of a single 120 milligram tablet taken once).
If you are taking the enzyme for a heart condition, it may be 2 to 8 weeks before you notice any benefit, and you will need to continue taking the product to maintain any improvement.

Overdosage
Since Coenzyme Q10 is not toxic, experts say you may take large amounts without danger.

Chinese Cinnamon

Chinese Cinnamon

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Latin name: Cinnamomum aromaticum
Other names: Bastard Cinnamon, Cassia, False Cinnamon

A Remedy For

• Appetite loss
• Bronchitis
• Colds
• Cough
• Fever
• Indigestion
• Sore throat
• Tendency to infection

This herb is also used to treat exhaustion and promote weight gain; and in Chinese medicine, it has been used for impotence, diarrhea, bed-wetting, rheumatism, testicle hernia, failure to menstruate, and symptoms of menopause. Its effectiveness for these conditions, however, remains unconfirmed.

What It Is; Why It Works
A common household spice, Chinese Cinnamon is cultivated in southern China, Vietnam, and Burma. The flowers, young twigs, and the bark of thin branches are all considered medicinal.
Researchers have found that the active agents in Chinese Cinnamon exhibit antibacterial properties, control the growth of fungi, boost immunity in animals, improve intestinal activity, and inhibit ulcers.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Chinese Cinnamon.

Special Cautions
No side effects are likely when this herb is used at customary dosage levels. However, some people develop a sensitivity to the herb.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Chinese Cinnamon has a potentially abortive effect. Do not use it during pregnancy.

How To Prepare
Chinese Cinnamon is available as crushed bark, in solutions of alcohol, and as an essential oil.

Typical Dosage
Herb: The average dose is 1 gram (less than one-quarter teaspoonful). Take 2 to 4 grams daily.
Essential oil: 50 to 200 milligrams daily.
Store Chinese Cinnamon in cool, dry conditions in well-sealed containers.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Citronella

Citronella

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Latin name: Cymbopogon species
Other name: Lemongrass

A Remedy For
Citronella is sometimes used to treat indigestion, although its effectiveness remains to be proven. In Asian medicine, the herb is used for loss of appetite, gas, worms, and throat problems.

What It Is; Why It Works
Well known as an insect repellent, Citronella is often used as a fragrance in cheaper household soaps and scents. Medicinally, it acts as a mild astringent, tightening and drying the tissues. Lemongrass, a closely related species, has similar effects.
A native of the Asian tropics, Citronella grass is now cultivated in Central and South America and tropical regions of Australia as well.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Citronella.

Special Cautions
Salves containing Citronella have been known to cause an allergic reaction in rare cases. Do not inhale the vapors of Citronella oil, as this could cause lung problems.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
The above-ground parts of the plant and its essential oil are both used medicinally.

Typical Dosage
There are no standard recommendations.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Castor Oil

Castor Oil

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Latin name: Ricinus communis
Other names: Castor Bean, Mexico Seed, Oil Plant, Palma Christi

A Remedy For

• Constipation

Taken internally, Castor Oil is also used as a treatment for intestinal inflammation and worms. Powder from the Castor bean and leaves is applied externally to relieve skin inflammation, boils, abscesses, earache (otitis media), and migraine, although there's no proof of its effectiveness for these ailments. In Asian medicine, Castor Oil is used as a remedy for joint pain, dry stool, indigestion, facial paralysis, boils, and ulcers. Homeopathic practitioners prescribe it for digestive ailments.

What It Is; Why It Works
Castor Oil has been used as a laxative since antiquity. It's mentioned by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, and beans from the Castor plant have been found in Egyptian tombs. The plant can be found from temperate latitudes to the tropics.
Castor Oil's laxative effect stems from its ability to prevent absorption of liquids from the intestinal tract. While the oil is relatively safe, the beans are extremely poisonous (as few as 12 can be fatal), and they should never be taken internally. They can cause severe fluid loss and lethal circulatory collapse.

Avoid If...
Don't take Castor Oil if you have nausea, vomiting, an intestinal blockage, appendicitis, severe inflammatory intestinal disease, or any abdominal pain of unknown origin. Not recommended for pregnant and nursing women and children under 12.

Special Cautions
Habitual use of Castor Oil discourages normal activity in the intestinal tract, leading to laxative dependence. Prolonged use can also result in an unhealthy depletion of minerals, particularly potassium. In rare cases, an allergic skin rash may develop.

Possible Drug Interactions
Potassium depletion due to habitual use can increase the body's sensitivity to certain heart medications, such as digitalis and digoxin (Lanoxin).

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Do not use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.

How to Prepare
Castor Oil is supplied commercially.

Typical Dosage
For acute constipation or worms, the dose is at least 10 grams (2 teaspoonfuls). Follow the manufacturer's directions whenever available.

Overdosage
An overdose will irritate the stomach, leading to queasiness, vomiting, cramps, and severe diarrhea. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately.

Cajuput Oil

Cajuput Oil

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Latin name: Melaleuca leucadendron
Other names: Paperbark Tree, White Wood

A Remedy For

• Rheumatism

Cajuput Oil eases the discomfort of rheumatism, pulled muscles or ligaments, sprains, bruises, muscle tension, slipped disk, low back pain, and sciatica.

What It Is; Why It Works
Cajuput Oil works by stimulating the circulation around the point of application. It also shows antiseptic properties in laboratory tests.
The oil is distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs of a large tree native to southeast Asia and the tropical regions of Australia. Historically, it has been used to help loosen phlegm and relieve spasms. It has a pleasant fragrance reminiscent of camphor and eucalyptus.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Cajuput Oil.

Special Cautions
Skin inflammation is a possibility. When using the oil on infants and small children, avoid the facial area. Application near the nose could cause throat spasms and interfere with breathing.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
Available as a steam-distilled oil.

Typical Dosage
Follow the manufacturer's directions.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Burdock

Burdock

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Latin name: Arctium lappa
Other names: Bardane, Beggar's Buttons, Cocklebur, Hareburr

A Remedy For
Burdock has been used to treat fevers and colds, urinary tract infections, and rheumatism, although proof of its effectiveness for these problems is lacking. Other unverified uses include treatment of digestive problems, water retention, eczema, and psoriasis. In Asian medicine, it's considered a remedy for deep skin infections, coughs, sore throats and ulcers. Homeopathic practitioners also use it for skin conditions.

What It Is; Why It Works
Burdock is probably named for the tenacious burrs that stick to animals who feed on it. Sporting funnel-shaped crimson blossoms, the 3 to 5-foot high plant can be found throughout Europe, North Asia and North America. It is mentioned in at least three of Shakespeare's plays: "As You Like It," "King Lear," and "Troilus and Cressida."
In laboratory tests, Burdock root has exhibited antimicrobial activity. It also tends to moderate blood sugar levels. Although only the root is used today, the leaves were once used medicinally as well, apparently for their cooling, drying effect.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Burdock.

Special Cautions
There is a slight chance that contact with the skin will cause a reaction. No other side effects have been reported.

Possible Drug Interactions
There are no known drug interactions.

Special Information If You are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
In large quantities, Burdock root may stimulate the uterus. Take with caution during pregnancy.

How to Prepare
Burdock root is available in dried and alcohol solution (tincture) form.

Typical Dosage
Tincture: 2 to 4 milliliters (around one-half teaspoonful) daily
Dried root: 1 to 2 grams 3 times daily
Strengths of commercial preparations may vary. Follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Broom

Broom

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Latin name: Cytisus scoparius
Other names: Green Broom, Irish Broom, Irish Tops, Scoparium, Scotch Broom

A Remedy For

• Low blood pressure

Although Broom does have some effect on the heart, its value for conditions such as irregular heartbeat and weak heart has not been proven. Other unproven uses in folk medicine include water retention, heavy menstruation, hemorrhaging after delivery, hemophilia, sciatica, rheumatism, gout, gall- and kidney stones, liver disorders, enlarged spleen, respiratory conditions, snake bites, and as a blood purifier. In homeopathic medicine, the herb is used as a treatment for chest pain (angina), clogged arteries (arteriosclerosis), and tense or stiff muscles, but effectiveness has not been proven.

What It Is; Why It Works
The tough, dense, broom-like branches of this plant, which grows up to 6 feet in height, explain its name. Its medicinal benefit lies in the dried aerial parts. Active substances in the plant act to constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.

Avoid If...
Do not take Broom if you have high blood pressure or the heart irregularity called atrioventricular block.

Special Cautions
In large doses, Broom is poisonous (see "Overdosage" below). Use only at recommended dosage levels.

Possible Drug Interactions
Avoid using Broom if you are taking a drug classified as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, such as the antidepressants Nardil and Parnate and the Parkinson's disease medication Eldepryl.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Do not use Broom if you are pregnant. It has a potentially abortive effect.

How To Prepare
A tea can be made from the leaves of the plant, or the drug can be taken as a liquid extract or alcohol solution (tincture).

Typical Dosage
The usual dosages are:

Tea: 1 cup 3 times daily
Liquid extract: 1 to 2 milliliters (about one-quarter of a teaspoonful) daily
Tincture: 0.5 to 2 milliliters daily
Store Broom protected from light and moisture.

Overdosage
Approximately 30 grams (2 tablespoonfuls) of Broom are sufficient to cause symptoms of overdose, including dizziness, headache, palpitations, prickling in the extremities, a feeling of weakness in the legs, outbreaks of sweat, sleepiness, pupil dilation, and other eye problems. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately. Asphyxiation is a possibility.

Blessed Thistle

Blessed Thistle

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Latin name: Cnicus benedictus
Other names: Cardin, Holy Thistle, Spotted Thistle, St. Benedict Thistle

A Remedy For

• Appetite loss
• Indigestion

This herb is also used by nursing mothers to improve the flow of milk, although its effectiveness for this purpose has not been scientifically established.

What It Is; Why It Works
In Renaissance Europe, Blessed Thistle gained a reputation as a cure-all, and was even believed to have fought off the plague. The plant is praised for its medicinal powers in Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing" and was recommended in early herbal treatises as a remedy for migraine and other headaches.
Despite its past popularity, Blessed Thistle is now considered genuinely useful only for digestive problems. It works by stimulating the production of saliva and digestive juices. The plant originated in southern Europe, but is now cultivated throughout the continent.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Blessed Thistle.

Special Cautions
It's possible to develop a sensitivity to Blessed Thistle that extends to similar plants such as mugwort and cornflower. Outright allergic reactions are, however, quite rare.

Possible Drug Interactions
No drug interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How to Prepare
To make a tea, pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 grams of crushed Blessed Thistle and steep for 5 to 10 minutes. Drink 1 cup a half hour before meals.

Typical Dosage
The customary dosage is 1 cup of tea a half-hour before meals, for a total of 4 to 6 grams of the herb daily.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Blackberry

Blackberry

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Latin name: Rubus fruticosus
Other names: Bramble, Dewberry, Goutberry, Thimbleberry

A Remedy For

• Diarrhea
• Sore throat

Blackberry leaf has been found effective for diarrhea and mild sore throat. The root is sometimes taken to prevent water retention and swelling, but is not considered effective.

What It Is; Why It Works
Although the tannin in Blackberry leaves has a drying, tightening effect that can relieve diarrhea, researchers have failed to identify any other medicinal properties. Nevertheless, the flowers and fruit have long been invested with magical powers. Blackberry was believed to confer protection from "evil runes" and was used to cure snakebites. Merely sitting under a Blackberry bush was considered sufficient to cure rheumatism and boils.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Blackberry.

Special Cautions
At customary dosage levels, Blackberry poses no risks.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
You can make crushed Blackberry leaf into a tea. Pour boiling water over 1.5 grams (about 2¹/₂ teaspoonfuls) of the herb, steep for 10 to 15 minutes, then strain. The solution can also be used as a mouthwash.

Typical Dosage
Blackberry leaf is taken orally. The usual daily dosage is 2 to 5 grams (about 1 to 3 tablespoonfuls) of the crushed herb.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Bergamot

Bergamot

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Latin name: Citrus bergamia

A Remedy For
Aromatherapists recommend Bergamot oil for depression, anxiety, and poor digestion. They believe the fragrance has an energizing and mood lifting effect and can restore emotional balance in people afflicted by fear, sadness, and grief. Such claims have not, however, been verified by scientific trials.

What It Is; Why It Works
The highest quality Bergamot oil is cold-pressed from the rind of the Bergamot orange. This method yields a pleasantly fresh orange fragrance. Bergamot has a long history of use as an ingredient in perfumes and sun tanning products. However, since the discovery that it increases sensitivity to the sun—causing burning and blistering—its use as a tanning agent has come to a halt.
Laboratory studies show that Bergamot can also be useful as an insect repellent.
The herb Oswego Tea (Monarda didyma) is sometimes referred to as Bergamot and should not be confused with the oil obtained from Bergamot oranges.

Avoid If...
Do not use Bergamot if you have sensitive skin. The oil may give you a rash.

Special Cautions
Never take essential oils internally. They are extremely potent and can be poisonous.

Possible Drug Interactions
If you are taking a prescription medication that increases sensitivity to the sun, avoid using Bergamot.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Bergamot is not recommended if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

How To Prepare
The essential oil of Bergamot fruit is expressed from the rind and sold commercially.

Typical Dosage
A few drops of Bergamot oil are typically administered by inhalation or diffusion. Use according to package instructions. Bergamot is frequently combined with other oils, so read the label carefully for all ingredients.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Belladonna

Belladonna

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Latin name: Atropa belladonna
Other names: Black Cherry, Deadly Nightshade

A Remedy For

• Irregular heartbeat
• Liver and gallbladder problems
• Weak heart

Belladonna has been used in folk medicine as a remedy for stomach and abdominal pain, asthma, bronchitis, and muscular pain. Applied externally, it has been used for gout and ulcers. In medicinal plasters, it is currently used to combat intestinal and digestive spasms, excessive perspiration, and bronchial asthma.
In homeopathic medicine, Belladonna is considered a remedy for the bulging eyeballs that sometimes accompany an overactive thyroid, as well as a treatment for nerve pain and scarlet fever. Its effectiveness for these problems has not been scientifically verified.

What It Is; Why It Works
Belladonna interferes with the action of acetylcholine, one of the nervous system's chief chemical messengers. Belladonna acts primarily on the heart muscle and the smooth muscle in the digestive tract, relaxing it and relieving spasms. It also has a drying effect and, in high doses, can affect the brain, causing overexcitement and hallucinations.
Belladonna gained its name during the Middle Ages, when beautiful young women used it to dilate their pupils. Today, several common prescription medications, including Donnatal and Levsin, employ the active ingredients in Belladonna to relieve intestinal problems and other complaints.

Avoid If...
There are no known reasons to avoid Belladonna at recommended doses.

Special Cautions
Due to its effects on the brain and central nervous system, Belladonna can cause muscular tremor or rigidity. A variety of side effects--many of them dangerous--appear after an excessive dose (see "Overdosage" below).

Possible Drug Interactions
Belladonna can increase the side effects of the following drugs:

Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Quinidine (Quinaglute, Quinidex)
Tricyclic antidepressant medications such as Elavil, Pamelor, and Tofranil

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
Belladonna leaves and flowering branch tips are collected in the wild from May to July. The roots of 2- to 4-year-old plants are dug up in mid-October to mid-November or shortly before the start of the flowering season. The dried plant material is available in powder and extract form.

Typical Dosage
Belladonna powder

---

The average single dose is 0.05 to 0.1 gram. The maximum dose is 0.2 gram. Take no more than 0.6 gram a day.

Belladonna extract

---

The average single dose is 0.01 gram. The maximum dose is 0.05 gram. Take no more than 0.15 gram a day.
Belladonna leaves, powder, and extract should be stored away from sources of direct light. Belladonna root can be stored for a maximum of 3 years in a well-sealed container protected from light and insects.

Overdosage
The following side effects are usually warning signs of overdose: red skin, dry mouth, abnormally fast heartbeat, prolonged or excessive pupil dilation, inability to focus, overheating due to reduced perspiration, difficult urination, and severe or persistent constipation. High doses lead to overexcitement and symptoms such as restlessness, compulsion to talk, hallucinations, delirium, and manic attacks followed by exhaustion and sleep.
Doses of 5 to 50 grams (about 1 teaspoon to 3 tablespoons) can prove fatal for adults. Much smaller doses are fatal in children. Death usually results from asphyxiation.

Barberry

Barberry

Latin name: Berberis vulgaris
Other names: Jaundice Berry, Mountain Grape, Pipperidge, Sow Berry
A Remedy For

• Indigestion
• Liver and gallbladder problems
• Tendency to infection
• Urinary tract infections

Barberry's medicinal value has not been officially recognized. It is considered obsolete as a drug, and its use is discouraged. Nevertheless, the berries appear to be effective for boosting the immune system and combating urinary tract infections, while the root seems to serve as a remedy for indigestion and problems with the liver and gallbladder.
Barberry has been used for a variety of other problems as well, including enlarged spleen, diarrhea, tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, kidney disease, gout, arthritis, low back pain, malaria and parasite infections. However, its effectiveness for all these conditions remains in doubt, and its use is not recommended.
What It Is; Why It Works
The berries of Berberis vulgaris are a source of vitamin C. They have also been shown to increase immune system activity, stimulate iron absorption, and flush excess water from the system.
Extracts from the root have been shown, in animal studies, to reduce blood pressure, increase the flow of bile, reduce fever, and relieve constipation. The root also appears to have some antibiotic properties.
Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Barberry.
Special Cautions
At customary dosage levels, Barberry poses no problems.
Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been recorded.
Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No information is available on the use of Barberry in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
How to Prepare
To make a tea from the berries, pour 5 ounces of hot water over 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls of whole or squashed berries, steep for 10 to 15 minutes, and strain.
For a tea from Barberry root, use 2 grams of drug per 250 milliliters (about 1 cup) of water.
Typical Dosage
Various extracts and alcohol solutions (tinctures) are available abroad. The recommended dosage of the tincture is 20 to 40 drops daily.
Since the strength of commercial preparations may vary, follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.
Overdosage
Signs of overdose include a mild stupor, nosebleeds, vomiting, diarrhea, and kidney irritation. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately.

Balsam of Peru

Balsam of Peru

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Latin name: Myroxylon balsamum
Other names: Balsam of Tolu, Balsam Tree

A Remedy For

• Bronchitis
• Colds
• Cough
• Fever
• Hemorrhoids
• Sore throat
• Tendency to infection
• Wounds and burns

Balsam of Peru is used externally for infected and poorly healing wounds, burns, bedsores, frostbite, leg ulcers, bruises caused by artificial limbs, and hemorrhoids.

What It Is; Why It Works
Balsam of Peru is a resin extracted from incisions in the bark of the Peruvian Balsam tree. It is an antiseptic that combats bacteria, promotes wound healing, and kills parasites, especially scabies. When taken internally, it has an expectorant action, helping to loosen phlegm.
The tree is native to South and Central America. Despite its name, the drug's main source is San Salvador.

Avoid If...
There are no known medical conditions that preclude use of this medication.

Special Cautions
Whether taken internally or externally, large quantities of this medication can damage the kidneys.
Used externally, Balsam of Peru often causes skin reactions such as eruptions, ulcers, swelling, and red patches. Allergic reactions are also possible from internal use.
Because Balsam of Peru may increase your sensitivity to sunlight, minimize your exposure to the sun while using this medication.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
Preparations are available for both external and internal use.

Typical Dosage
External preparations contain up to 20% Balsam of Peru. If the drug is to be applied over an extensive surface, use a product containing no more than 10% Balsam of Peru. Do not apply for more than 1 week.
For internal use, the typical dosage is 500 milligrams daily. Since potency of commercial preparation may vary, follow the manufacturer's instructions whenever available.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Herbal medicine A-Z

A-Z of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
A-Z of Botanical Terms
A-Z of Herbal Actions
A - Z Guide to the Language of Flowers
A-Z of Medical Terms
A-Z of Vitamins and Minerals

Balloon Flower

Balloon Flower

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Latin name: Platycodon grandiflorum
Other names: Chinese Bell-Flower, Japanese Bell-Flower, Jie-Geng

A Remedy For
Balloon Flower is used in traditional Chinese medicine for respiratory ailments such as cough, bronchitis, sore throat, and tonsillitis. Although it is known for its ability to loosen phlegm, its effectiveness has not yet been proven through formal clinical trials.

What It Is; Why It Works
This herb draws its name from the unopened buds of its lovely blue blossoms, which resemble small balloons. Its natural habitat is northern Asia, where the root is used medicinally, usually in combination with other herbs. In the traditional Chinese system, Balloon Flower is used primarily as an expectorant.
Laboratory research shows that Balloon Flower contains compounds with a variety of beneficial effects that may prove useful in modern medicine. In lab animals, it has the ability to lower blood sugar levels and digestive secretions, as well as fat and cholesterol levels. In addition, Balloon Flower has shown immune enhancing and antibacterial activity, and is effective against a particular type of flatworm caused by eating raw or undercooked fish.

Avoid If...
Do not take Balloon Flower if you have tuberculosis or a stomach ulcer.

Special Cautions
At customary dosage levels, Balloon Flower poses no known risks.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
Manufacturers of Chinese herbal products usually make a powder of Balloon Flower's dried root, then combine it with other herbs in tablet and capsule form. A liquid extract is also available.

Typical Dosage
A usual dosage is 3 to 9 grams a day, taken in several small doses. Dosage guidelines vary widely, so be sure to follow the package directions and read the label carefully for other ingredients.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Astragalus

Astragalus

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Latin name: Astragalus membranaceus
Other names: Milk Vetch Root, Huang-qi (Yellow Leader)

A Remedy For

• Tendency to infection
• Weak heart

Astragalus boosts the immune system. It's taken for a variety of conditions that can benefit from improved resistance, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), burns and abscesses, chronic colds and flu, fatigue, night sweats, and loss of appetite. It has been used in the treatment of heart failure, liver disease, and kidney ailments. It's also taken to counter the toxic effects of cancer treatment and to relieve the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

What It Is; Why It Works
One of the most important herbs in Chinese medicine, Astragalus is a member of the bean family. Its yellow root (source of the Chinese name "Yellow Leader") contains compounds that stimulate the immune system.
In test-tubes, Astragalus has been found to promote the formation of antibodies and increase the production of T-cells, one of the body's key lines of defense against disease. A recent clinical trial verified the herb's ability to boost the supply of infection-fighting white blood cells.
Astragalus also has a proven ability to boost heart function and improve cardiac output. It helps relieve chest distress and breathlessness due to a weakened heart, discourages retention of salt and water, and tends to combat clots. Studies suggest that it may also help protect the heart from damage caused by the Coxsackie B virus.
This remarkable herb has also shown an ability to reverse artificially induced memory deficits, to improve muscle tone in the digestive tract, and protect the liver from mild toxicity. Its value for speeding recovery from cancer chemotherapy is, however, more controversial. When given in conjunction with the cancer drug cyclophosphamide, in at least two studies it made no difference.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Astragalus. However, because it stimulates the immune system, it should be used with caution by people on immunosuppresive therapy such as that given after an organ transplant, and by those with an autoimmune disease such as lupus or Grave's disease.

Special Cautions
When making Astragalus preparations, be sure to use Astragalus membranaceus only. Other plants in the Astragalus family, including the "locoweed" species found in the United States, can prove toxic.
Potential side effects include gas and loose bowel movements.

Possible Drug Interactions
Because of the herb's clot-fighting properties, it's best to avoid combining it with other blood-thinners such as Coumadin. You could face an increased risk of internal bleeding.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Check with your doctor before taking Astragalus while pregnant or breastfeeding.

How to Prepare
Astragalus is available in capsule, tablet, and fluid extract form, and as dried root and prepared tea.
To make your own tea, boil 1 ounce of Astragalus root in 1 cup of water for 15 to 20 minutes.
In Chinese medicine, Astragalus is prepared by combining 1 part honey, 4 parts dried root, and a small amount of water in a wok or skillet, then simmering the mixture until the water evaporates and the herbs are slightly brown.

Typical Dosage
Capsules and tablets: Two or three 500-milligram pills 3 times a day
Fluid extract: 4 to 12 milliliters (about one-half to 2-1/2 teaspoonfuls) daily
Dried root: 2 to 6 grams daily

Strengths of commercial preparations may vary. Follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.

Overdosage
Astragalus contains a certain amount of selenium. Taken in large doses for sustained periods, this mineral can cause loss of hair, teeth, and nails, fatigue, and even paralysis.

Astragalus

Astragalus

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Latin name: Astragalus membranaceus
Other names: Milk Vetch Root, Huang-qi (Yellow Leader)

A Remedy For

• Tendency to infection
• Weak heart

Astragalus boosts the immune system. It's taken for a variety of conditions that can benefit from improved resistance, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), burns and abscesses, chronic colds and flu, fatigue, night sweats, and loss of appetite. It has been used in the treatment of heart failure, liver disease, and kidney ailments. It's also taken to counter the toxic effects of cancer treatment and to relieve the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

What It Is; Why It Works
One of the most important herbs in Chinese medicine, Astragalus is a member of the bean family. Its yellow root (source of the Chinese name "Yellow Leader") contains compounds that stimulate the immune system.
In test-tubes, Astragalus has been found to promote the formation of antibodies and increase the production of T-cells, one of the body's key lines of defense against disease. A recent clinical trial verified the herb's ability to boost the supply of infection-fighting white blood cells.
Astragalus also has a proven ability to boost heart function and improve cardiac output. It helps relieve chest distress and breathlessness due to a weakened heart, discourages retention of salt and water, and tends to combat clots. Studies suggest that it may also help protect the heart from damage caused by the Coxsackie B virus.
This remarkable herb has also shown an ability to reverse artificially induced memory deficits, to improve muscle tone in the digestive tract, and protect the liver from mild toxicity. Its value for speeding recovery from cancer chemotherapy is, however, more controversial. When given in conjunction with the cancer drug cyclophosphamide, in at least two studies it made no difference.

Avoid If...
No known medical conditions preclude the use of Astragalus. However, because it stimulates the immune system, it should be used with caution by people on immunosuppresive therapy such as that given after an organ transplant, and by those with an autoimmune disease such as lupus or Grave's disease.

Special Cautions
When making Astragalus preparations, be sure to use Astragalus membranaceus only. Other plants in the Astragalus family, including the "locoweed" species found in the United States, can prove toxic.
Potential side effects include gas and loose bowel movements.

Possible Drug Interactions
Because of the herb's clot-fighting properties, it's best to avoid combining it with other blood-thinners such as Coumadin. You could face an increased risk of internal bleeding.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Check with your doctor before taking Astragalus while pregnant or breastfeeding.

How to Prepare
Astragalus is available in capsule, tablet, and fluid extract form, and as dried root and prepared tea.
To make your own tea, boil 1 ounce of Astragalus root in 1 cup of water for 15 to 20 minutes.
In Chinese medicine, Astragalus is prepared by combining 1 part honey, 4 parts dried root, and a small amount of water in a wok or skillet, then simmering the mixture until the water evaporates and the herbs are slightly brown.

Typical Dosage
Capsules and tablets: Two or three 500-milligram pills 3 times a day
Fluid extract: 4 to 12 milliliters (about one-half to 2-1/2 teaspoonfuls) daily
Dried root: 2 to 6 grams daily

Strengths of commercial preparations may vary. Follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.

Overdosage
Astragalus contains a certain amount of selenium. Taken in large doses for sustained periods, this mineral can cause loss of hair, teeth, and nails, fatigue, and even paralysis.

Asparagus Root

Asparagus Root

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Latin name: Asparagus officinalis
Other name: Sparrow grass

A Remedy For

• Kidney and bladder stones
• Urinary tract infections

Only the below-ground stem and the roots of the plant have documented medicinal value, although the above-ground parts have also been used. In Asian medicine, Asparagus Root is given for cough, diarrhea, and nervous problems, but its effectiveness for these conditions remains unverified.

What It Is; Why It Works
Used in its wild form in Ancient Greece and Rome, Asparagus is a natural diuretic that flushes out the kidneys and helps prevent the formation of kidney stones. A perennial with a woody root stock, Asparagus grows from 1 to 5 feet high. The female Asparagus plant is slimmer than the male, which is shorter and stockier. Although the plant's berries are thought to be poisonous, there is no proof of this.

Avoid If...
Do not take Asparagus Root if you have kidney disease.

Special Cautions
If you have a weak heart or poor kidneys, do not attempt to flush out the urinary system with Asparagus Root or other diuretics. When using Asparagus, be sure to drink plenty of liquids.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How to Prepare
Chopped Asparagus Root is used for teas.

Typical Dosage
Asparagus is taken orally. The usual daily dosage is 1¹/₂ ounces to 2²/₃ ounces of the chopped stem and roots.
Strengths of commercial preparations may vary. Follow the manufacturer's labeling whenever available.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Anise

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Latin name: Pimpinella anisum

A Remedy For

• Appetite loss
• Bronchitis
• Colds
• Cough
• Fever
• Liver and gallbladder problems
• Sore throat
• Tendency to infection

Anise is also used for an upset stomach, but its effectiveness for this problem remains unproven.

What It Is; Why It Works
Anise is an expectorant that helps bring up phlegm. It's also a mild muscle relaxant, and shows antibacterial activity. It is well known for its ability to sweeten breath.
Originally from the Near East, the Anise plant is now grown in southern Europe, Turkey, central Asia, India, China, Japan, and Central and South America. The ripe fruit and dried seeds provide the plant's medicinal oil.

Avoid If...
Don't take this herb if you are allergic to Anise or its main ingredient, anethole.

Special Cautions
Anise poses no known risks when taken at customary dosage levels. There is a slight possibility that you could develop an allergic sensitivity to the herb.

Possible Drug Interactions
No interactions have been reported.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How To Prepare
Crushed Anise can be made into a tea. Preparations of essential oil of Anise can be used for inhalation.

Typical Dosage
When taken orally, the usual daily dosage is:

Dried Anise seed: 3 grams (a heaping half-teaspoonful)
Essential oil of Anise: 0.3 grams

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Aloe

Aloe

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Latin name: Aloe barbadensis
Other names: Aloe Vera, Barbados Aloe, Cape Aloe, Curacao Aloe, Socotrine Aloe, Zanzibar Aloe

A Remedy For

• Constipation
• Skin inflammation

Two totally different medicines are derived from the Aloe plant. From just below the surface of the leaves comes a juice with potent laxative properties. At the core of each leaf is a colorless gel that soothes the skin.

What It Is; Why It Works
Aloe has played a role in medicine since the 4th century B.C., when ancient Greek doctors obtained it from the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean. In the 10th century A.D., its remedial powers were recommended to the British king Alfred the Great by the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Muslims who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca are entitled to hang an Aloe plant over their doors as a talisman against evil.
Aloe is a lily-like, succulent shrub with little if any stem. It produces about 25 fleshy, gray-green leaves in an upright, dense rosette. In Europe, Aloe is used almost exclusively as a digestive aid and laxative. Elsewhere, the gel from the inner leaf is a popular ingredient in many skin preparations and cosmetics.
The laxative component of the plant works by preventing the absorption of water from the bowel, thus increasing the volume of its contents and hastening their passage. This component of Aloe also kills bacteria and is active against a variety of viruses, including herpes, chickenpox, and flu.
The gel from the inner leaf, usually called Aloe Vera, has anti-inflammatory and pain-killing properties. However, tests of its medicinal value has been quite contradictory. Some researchers have found that it speeds wound healing, others have reported that it actually interferes with healing. It seems to protect skin from the effects of frostbite, and has been proven effective against common psoriasis.

Avoid If...
Because of its effect on the bowels, you should avoid taking Aloe internally if you have an intestinal obstruction, an acute inflammatory intestinal disorder such as Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, or any abdominal pain of unknown origin. Not for children under 12.

Special Cautions
When used as a laxative, Aloe can cause abdominal pain or discomfort. If it does, reduce the dosage. Swelling, kidney disorders, heart irregularities, and bone loss are potential--but rare--side effects.
Do not take Aloe for more than 1 to 2 weeks without consulting a doctor. Long-term use can lead to potassium deficiency and has been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer.

Possible Drug Interactions
Avoid combining Aloe with other medications that flush water and potassium from the body, including diuretics such as Diuril and Lasix, steroid drugs such as prednisone, and licorice root.
Potassium plays an important role in regulating the heart, so depleting it through long-term use of laxatives can affect the action of certain heart medications. The effects of drugs such as digitalis and digoxin (Lanoxin) may be increased. Drugs taken to steady the heartbeat could also be affected.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Do not take Aloe during pregnancy. Use caution when breastfeeding.

How to Prepare
The laxative form of Aloe is supplied in powder, liquid, and capsule forms.

Typical Dosage
When taken orally for constipation, the usual daily dosage is 20 to 30 milligrams. Use the smallest dose necessary to produce a soft stool. Allow 9 hours for the medicine to take effect.

Store away from light and moisture.

Overdosage
No information on overdosage is available.

Adonis

Adonis

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Latin name: Adonis vernalis
Other names: False Hellebore, Ox-eye, Pheasant's Eye, Red Morocco, Rose-a-rubie, Sweet Vernal

A Remedy For

• Irregular heartbeat
• Weak heart

In Russian folk medicine, Adonis is used for treating water retention, cramps, fever, and menstrual disorders, but its effectiveness for these problems is unproven. Homeopathic uses for Adonis include heart conditions.

What It Is; Why It Works
Medicinal benefits derive from the dried, above-ground portion of the plant, collected during the flowering season. Compounds found in the plant include substances that boost the action of the heart muscle. Animal tests show a tonic effect on veins.
Legend has it that the plant sprang from the blood of the ill-fated Adonis, who was killed during a boar hunt. Found in Russia, Bulgaria, and Hungary, Adonis is one of the brightest and earliest spring plants, opening its anemone-like flowers during March. The plant is considered poisonous and is heavily protected in Germany.

Avoid If...
People taking digitalis-based drugs such as digoxin (Lanoxin) should avoid Adonis. It should also be avoided if you have a potassium deficiency.

Special Cautions
None are known.

Possible Drug Interactions
Adonis may enhance the efficacy--and side effects--of certain drugs, including:

Calcium supplements
Diuretics such as HydroDIURIL and Lasix
Laxatives
Quinidine (Quinaglute, Quinidex)
Steroid medications such as hydrocortisone and prednisone

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
No harmful effects are known.

How to Prepare
Adonis should be taken only in standardized powder form.

Typical Dosage
Adonis is taken orally. The usual daily dosage is 0.5 gram of standardized powder. The maximum single dose is 1 gram and the maximum daily dosage is 3 grams.
Adonis powder should be stored away from light and tightly sealed.

Overdosage
Although the drug is very potent if taken intravenously, the danger of an oral overdose is small.

Aconite

Aconite

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Latin name: Aconitum napellus
Other names: Monkshood, Wolfsbane, Blue Rocket, Friar's Cap, Mousebane

A Remedy For
Historically, Aconite was used in extremely small doses to relieve nerve and muscle pain, rheumatic and arthritic complaints, migraine headache, fever, facial paralysis, and bruises. However, this herb is a deadly poison. Safer medications are available, and its use is no longer recommended.
Aconite still appears in some Chinese medicines, where it is combined with other herbs that are believed to counter its toxic effect. These products are used as a remedy for inflammation and pain, and as a cardiac tonic. It is also found in extremely diluted homeopathic preparations prescribed for inflammation, anxiety, heart palpitations, and nerve pain.

What It Is; Why It Works
A native of the Eastern hemisphere, Aconite produces a purple hooded flower that accounts for its most popular common name---Monkshood. The root of the plant contains extremely potent alkaloids that act primarily on the central nervous system, the heart, and the skin. Curiously, its active agents seem to have conflicting effects, first stimulating, then paralyzing the nerves and heart. Because even the small amounts used therapeutically can be toxic, it was not uncommon for treatment with Aconite to accidentally end in fatality. In ancient war times, Aconite was used as a poison on arrowheads and to taint enemy water supplies.

Avoid If...
Even small amounts of Aconite can cause death. Its use is not recommended.

Special Cautions
Do not use Aconite on open wounds.

Possible Drug Interactions
Although there are no reported drug interactions, Aconite should be avoided by anyone taking medication for high blood pressure or drugs that increase the risk of heartbeat irregularities.

Special Information If You Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Do not use Aconite if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

How To Prepare
Use only the standardized Aconite tincture under the strict supervision and monitoring of a physician.

Typical Dosage
The usual dose of Aconite tincture is 100 milligrams, with a maximum daily dose of 600 milligrams. Never exceed the dose recommended by a doctor. Any increase could prove fatal.

Overdosage
Doses as small as 1 gram can cause death in adults. The herb is extremely toxic even when applied to the skin. Symptoms of poisoning begin with a tingling in the mouth, fingers, and toes that then spreads over the entire body surface. Body temperature drops quickly, and nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea follow. Fatal doses are marked by intense pain; irregular breathing; and a slowed and irregular heartbeat. Death results from heart failure or asphyxiation.
At the first sign of overdose, seek emergency medical treatment immediately.

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People on all continents have used hundreds to thousands of indigenous plants for treatment of ailments since prehistoric times...